KMTC Anatomy and Physiology notes

KMTC Anatomy and Physiology notes, and this is the introduction to this course. Anatomy is the science of the structure of the body.

These disciplines are inseparable: understanding why a patient develops oedema requires knowledge
of capillary anatomy and the physiology of fluid balance; understanding why a wound heals requires
knowledge of skin anatomy and the physiology of inflammation. This module covers the human body
from the molecular level to body systems, providing the anatomical and physiological foundation for
all clinical nursing modules that follow.

Chapter one: Levels of Organization

In this chapter for levels of organization you will learn about Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology and anatomy is Anatomy: the study of body structure. It includes gross anatomy (visible to the naked eye), histology (microscopic tissue structure), and developmental anatomy, while physiology is the study of how body structures function and interact.

In this chapter one you will also learn about Homeostasis and homeostasis negative feedback , the cell, tissues, and chemistry for nurses key concepts

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. The human body contains approximately 37
trillion cells, each specialized for a particular function in the cell structure you will learn about

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Chapter 2: Support and Movement

In this chapter you will learn about integumentary system which is the  the skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous  glands) and also functions of the skin and layers of the skin

You will also learn about skeletal system, functions of skeletal system, bone structure, bone development, The vertebral column, Joints (articulations)

The adult skeleton has 206 bones, organized into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thoracic
cage) and the appendicular skeleton (limb girdles and limbs).

Chapter 3: Integration and Coordination

In this chapter you will learn about Nervous System Organization, Nervous System Cells, Synaptic Transmission and Action Potential, Central Nervous System, special senses, Endocrine System

Nervous system organization on CNS you will learn about brain and spinal cord; processes information and generates responses while PNS: cranial and spinal nerves; carries signals to and from the CNS.

Nervous System Cells Neurons: structural and functional units of the nervous system; consist of a cell body, dendrites (receive signals), and an axon (transmit signals). Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster while Neuroglia: supporting cells; astrocytes (blood-brain barrier), oligodendrocytes (myelin in CNS),
Schwann cells (myelin in PNS), microglia (immune surveillance).

Synaptic Transmission and Action Potential An action potential is a transient reversal of the membrane potential, propagated along the axon

The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormones released into the blood. Unlike the
nervous system (which acts in milliseconds), hormones take minutes to hours to act but their effects
are longer lasting.

Chapter 4: Transport

In chapter 4 you will learn about Blood, Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System

Blood is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma. Total volume is approximately 5
litres in an adult.

in Cardiovascular System you will learn about heart

• Location: mediastinum, between the lungs; apex points to the left fifth intercostal space, mid-
clavicular line (apex beat).

• Chambers: right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae; right ventricle pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery; left atrium receives oxygenated blood from
pulmonary veins; left ventricle pumps to the body via the aorta.

Lymphatic system: a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that returns excess interstitial fluid to  the blood as lymph, and mounts immune responses

Chapter 5: Absorption and Excretion

This chapter cover about Digestive System, Respiratory System, Urinary System

on the Digestive system you will learn about Digestion: the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients small enough to be absorbed.

On the respiratory system you will learn about anatomy, mechanics of breathing, gas exchange

On the part of Urinary system covers about organs, urine formation, fluid electrolyte, and acid base balance

Chapter 6: Reproduction and development

This chapter covers about male reproduction system about testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate glad, and urethra

on the female reproduction system you will learn about ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva and female breast

Genetics The human genome: 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex  chromosomes (XX female, XY male).

summary

• Anatomy studies structure; physiology studies function. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a  stable internal environment through negative feedback. 

• The cell is the basic unit of life; key organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi;  protein synthesis involves transcription and translation. 

• Tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular; each with distinct structure and function. 

• The integumentary system provides protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin  D synthesis; skin layers are epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. 

• The skeletal system supports, protects, enables movement, and performs haematopoiesis; bone  is continuously remodelled under hormonal and mechanical control. 

• Neurons transmit action potentials; synaptic transmission uses neurotransmitters; the CNS  includes the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. 

• The endocrine system uses hormones for long-range regulation; key glands include